Sustainable energy development is important for social and economic life because energy is used everywhere by everybody. This paper presents a quantitative analysis of the development in Sustainable Development Goal 7 in European countries from 2005 to 2023. SDG 7 is described by seven variables published by Eurostat, covering energy consumption, energy productivity, energy import dependency and energy poverty. Dynamic cluster analysis is the main method used, identifying seven clusters, with membership changing in time. The Composite Energy Index was calculated. Generally, the energy situation described by the variables used has improved, both in individual countries and in Europe as a whole. The best-performing countries are Iceland, Norway and Denmark. In Europe, the average energy productivity measure and share of energy from renewable sources have doubled. The proposed novel approach involves the simultaneous analysis of spatio-temporal data for the whole period, resulting in countries changing their cluster position over time. A new measure of dynamic cluster stability is introduced, and clusters are ordered according to the value of the composite index.
Sokołowski et al. (Fri,) studied this question.