Peptic Ulcer Disease: Insights From the Unani System of Medicine

Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) is a chronic gastrointestinal condition characterized by ulceration in the mucosal lining of the stomach or duodenum, primarily due to an imbalance between gastric acid secretion and mucosal defense mechanisms. In the Unani system of medicine, PUD correlates with conditions like Qarha-e-Hazmiyah, which are attributed to imbalances in the humoral temperament, especially dominance of Safra (yellow bile) or Sauda (black bile). The disease is closely linked to Su-e-Mizaj Meda (derangement of gastric temperament), often aggravated by improper diet, stress, and lifestyle. The Unani approach emphasizes Usool-e-Ilaj (principles of treatment) such as Izala-e-Sabab (removal of cause), Tadeel-e-Mizaj (restoration of temperament), and the use of Muqawwi-e-Meda (stomach tonics) etc. Herbs like Gul-e-Surkh, Sandal, and Asl-us-soos are traditionally employed for their cooling, demulcent, and anti-inflammatory properties. This paper explores the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of Qaraha-e-Hazmiyah (PUD) within the Unani framework, highlighting its holistic and preventive approach rooted in centuries of traditional practice.