Global age-standardised death and DALY rates for ischemic heart disease declined by 31.6% and 28.8% from 1990 to 2021, while prevalence remained steady.
While age-standardised mortality and DALY rates for ischemic heart disease have declined globally since 1990, the absolute burden remains massive, driven primarily by high systolic blood pressure and LDL cholesterol.
Absolute Event Rate: 0% vs 0%
Abstract Background Ischemic heart disease (IHD) continues to be the foremost contributor to global morbidity and mortality. Few studies have comprehensively analysed IHD burden and its attributable risk factors at global, regional, and national levels using the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (GBD 2021) database. Therefore, updated information on the burden of IHD is essential for public health and advocacy purposes. Purpose To report the prevalence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to IHD and its attributable risk factors in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021, by age, sex, and sociodemographic index (SDI). Methods This study used data from the GBD 2021 database. IHD was defined as acute myocardial infarction, chronic stable angina, chronic IHD, and heart failure due to IHD. Cause of death ensemble modelling (CODEm) was used to model deaths from IHD. The nonfatal estimation of IHD burden was modeled using DisMod-MR 2.1 ,a Bayesian meta-regression tool for disease modeling. All estimates were reported as absolute counts and age-standardised rates (ASRs) per 100,000 population, along with their 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). Pearson's correlation test was used to analyse the correlation between ASRs and SDI. Results Globally, IHD accounted for 254.3 (221.4,295.5) million prevalent cases, 9.0 (8.3,9.5) million deaths and 188.4 (177.0,198.1) million DALYs in 2021. There was a noticeable decline in the global age-standardised death rate (ASDR) -31.6% (-34.9,-28.3) and age-standardised DALYs (ASRDALYs) -28.8% (-32.5,-25.2) from 1990 to 2021, with an estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) of -1.3 and -1.2, respectively. However, the age-standardised prevalence rate (ASPR) remained steady during the same period, with an EAPC of 0. Comprehensive data on the burden of IHD across 204 countries and territories were presented using detailed tables. In 2021, the global prevalence, death, and DALY rates of IHD were higher among males across all age groups, while death and DALY rates reaching a peak in the oldest group for both sexes. Regionally, we found a nonlinear but negative association between ASPR and SDI (Figure 1). Nationally, similar negative associations were observed between ASDR and SDI, as well as between ASRDALYs and SDI (Figure 2). Globally, high systolic blood pressure and high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were the factors contributing most to the death and DALY rates of IHD. Other major risk factors included smoking, high fasting plasma glucose, air pollution, impaired kidney function, high body-mass index and diet low in whole grains. Conclusion Despite declining global age-standardised death and DALY rates for IHD, sustained multilevel prevention strategies remain essential. This requires population-wide risk factor reduction, targeted interventions for high-risk populations, and strengthened community healthcare networks to ensure accessible, guideline-based management.Figure1.ASRs and SDI, regional level Fugure2. ASRs and SDI, national level
Yang et al. (Sat,) reported a other. Global age-standardised death and DALY rates for ischemic heart disease declined by 31.6% and 28.8% from 1990 to 2021, while prevalence remained steady.