Rift Valley fever vaccines for animals and people: Envisioning One Health vaccination strategies

Abstract Background: Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a zoonotic viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes, that causes significant impacts on animal health, public health, and socio-economic wellbeing in affected areas. Although RVF vaccines for livestock are available and human vaccines are currently under development, a coordinated One Health approach to vaccination has yet to be fully explored. This mini-review article aims to examine RVF vaccination strategies from a One Health perspective. Methods: Through a narrative literature review, evidence on RVF vaccination strategies for animals and humans was analyzed. Recurring themes relevant to decision making were identified and categorized into six interconnected decision domains, establishing a “One Health vaccination strategies” (OHVS) framework used to structure the synthesis and discussion of the evidence. Based on the available literature, as well as on strategies implemented for livestock and mathematical modeling studies, six joint scenarios combining livestock and human vaccination are suggested for future investigations. Results: Current evidence primarily supports preventive mass vaccination for livestock and indicates a targeted strategy for high-risk human populations. Conclusions: The expected synergistic benefits for affected communities, along with the balanced distribution of responsibilities and resources across sectors, make OHVS a valuable intervention framework. Once RVF human vaccines become available, this unified approach can strengthen collaboration among public health, veterinary, and environmental sectors, leading to a more effective, equitable, and sustainable intervention landscape. One Health impact statement Rift Valley fever (RVF) exemplifies the intricacies of environmental, human, and animal interconnections and interdependencies. Countries such as Tanzania where RVF is endemic have experienced decadal outbreaks in addition to a potential persistent transmission pattern, warranting implementation of vaccination programs that are effective in the context of complex disease ecosystem. This article explores the possibilities for vaccinating animals and humans as a critical component of a unified One Health approach to RVF prevention and control, drawing from existing literature and promising new research paths. It also outlines a practical decision making framework to help shape effective RVF vaccination strategies for both human and animal populations. By working closely with partners in Tanzania and the United States, this initiative demonstrates proof of concept for the importance of transdisciplinary collaboration and cross-sectoral coordination in disease prevention and control. This also provides actionable insights for both the scientific community and decision makers.