Community health centers (CHCs) are a cornerstone of healthcare delivery in Kenya, yet their cost-effectiveness is not well understood. A multilevel logistic regression model was employed to analyse data from Kenyan CHCs, accounting for both individual patient-level and organisational-level variables. The analysis revealed that the presence of a pharmacy within CHCs significantly reduced healthcare utilization costs by approximately 15% (95% CI: -20%, -10%). This study provides robust evidence on the cost-effectiveness of CHC systems and highlights the importance of integrating essential services like pharmacies. CHCs should prioritise pharmacy inclusion to maximise their efficiency in resource management. Treatment effect was estimated with logit (pᵢ) =₀+^ Xᵢ, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Ochieng et al. (Sat,) studied this question.