The recognition of sex as a biological variable has significantly influenced policies in preclinical neuroscience. Despite increased inclusion of both male and female subjects, meaningful integration of sex-based analyses remains inconsistent. Many studies lack adequate statistical power, mechanistic exploration, or transparent reporting of sex-disaggregated findings. Emerging evidence demonstrates that sex differences influence neural circuitry, neuroimmune interactions, and disease vulnerability, underscoring their biological relevance. Strengthening experimental design through prospective powering and mechanistic investigation is essential to enhance reproducibility, translational validity, and scientific rigor in contemporary neuroscience research.
Rita Sangtani (Sun,) studied this question.