Early carcinoma detection benefits from label-free, high-sensitivity surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors. We computationally evaluated multilayer SPR architectures based on CaF 2 /Cu/TiO 2 /Graphene using the transfer-matrix method at 633 nm. Across 1–5 ng/mL, we analyzed reflectance, resonance-angle shifts, and near-field profiles, and derived sensitivity, detection accuracy (DA), figure of merit, and the limit of detection (LOD). The CaF 2 /Cu/TiO 2 /Graphene stack yielded the best performance, achieving 481.29°/RIU sensitivity and DA = 0.80, with pronounced evanescent-field confinement at the sensing interface. Under identical modeling conditions, this graphene-integrated configuration outperformed TiO 2 -only and Cu-only baselines within the studied range. These results indicate a cost-effective platform for sensitive carcinoma biomarker detection. Calculation details for LOD and other metrics are provided in Methods, and practical considerations for experimental realization are discussed.
Tene et al. (Mon,) studied this question.