This study investigates a low-frequency piezoelectric–electromagnetic–triboelectric hybrid vibration energy harvester designed to address the narrow operating bandwidth of conventional vibration energy harvesters. The integrated design comprises a piezoelectric-electromagnetic generator module based on a spiral cantilever beam and a triboelectric nanogenerator module, with the objective of capturing and amplifying energy generated through both resonant and stochastic vibrations. Theoretical frameworks and simulations, conducted using COMSOL Multiphysics software, are used to analyze key design parameters and device performance. The physical fabrication involves advanced manufacturing techniques such as 3D printing and CNC machining. Subsequent experimental testing validates the success of the hybrid approach, achieving a maximum averaged output power of 2.86 mW and a maximum energy conversion efficiency of 36.81%. These findings underscore the feasibility and efficacy of this study in expanding the frequency domain and enhancing power generation capacity.
Chen et al. (Wed,) studied this question.