Abstract The evolution of spinal implant materials must keep pace with advances in our understanding of bone biomechanics and changing clinical demands in spine surgery. While early innovations primarily addressed trauma and spinal deformities using titanium alloys as the gold standard, an aging population has led to an increasing detection of osteoporosis and metastatic spine disease. These conditions fundamentally alter bone quality and mechanical behaviour and pose significant challenges for traditional metallic implants. These are not only due to stress shielding and increased risk of failure in compromised bone but also their radiopacity, which produces imaging artifacts that obscure anatomical detail and complicate disease monitoring and radiotherapy. Innovations in advanced polymers, bioactive material integrations, and additive manufacturing have delivered a glimpse into the next generation of implants tailored to the multifaceted demands of modern spinal surgery. This paper studies the evolution of spinal pathologies to deliver the guided engineering of future implant materials that offer optimal mechanical compatibility, biological integrability, radiological advantages, and allow for enhanced processibility and customization for patient-specific applications. This paradigm shift promises improved implant longevity, enhanced biological response, superior imaging and radiotherapy outcomes, and greater potential for personalized solutions to ultimately advance care for patients with osteoporosis, metastatic disease, and other complex spinal conditions.
Kumar et al. (Sat,) studied this question.