Quantum Computing (QC) represents a class of technologies that harness fundamental principles of quantum mechanics, particularly superposition and entanglement, to process, transmit, and secure information in ways unattainable by classical systems 1. Positioned at the core of Quantum Information and Communication Technologies (QICT) 2, QC is central to the ongoing Second Quantum Revolution, driving innovation infrastructures and redefining capabilities in computation, networking, and secure information exchange at fundamental levels 3. Unlike the first quantum revolution, which focused on physics and laboratory experiments, today's Quantum technology (QT) applications are inherently digital, dependent on and deeply integrated within the digital stack, relying on cloud platforms, high-performance computing, advanced telecommunications, and potentially converging with other emerging digital technologies (EDT) such as artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain, big data, the Internet of Things (IoT) 4, 5, offering new paradigms for the digital economy and society 6. While there remains considerable uncertainty regarding their practical, scalable applications, the disruptive potential of QC is increasingly recognized 7 with profound ethical, legal, social, and policy implications 8 and a need for practical approaches to their governance 9. QC is not a standalone technology, but operates as a complex innovation ecosystem where research, policy, markets, and ethics co-evolve 10.
Sheeraz Ahmed (Mon,) studied this question.