Transportation remains one of the sectors with the highest GHG emissions in urban areas, forming around a third of household footprints in affluent countries like the Nordics and being the main source of particulate matter emissions in urban areas around the world. This study focuses on the Reykjavík Capital Area in Iceland, which is known for its car-centricity and where modal shift remains a major challenge. The study examines barriers to modal shift to understand why Reykjavík residents are reluctant to change their transport modes away from private cars. The study uses softGIS survey data gathered in 2025 of 1801 respondents. The results show that mobility remains car-dominated, with even regular public and active-mode users owning a car for running errands. The main barriers for switching to public or active modes include long travel distances, high travel time need, an unreliable public transport system, and difficulties running errands. Slight differences emerged between native and non-native residents’ barriers, with the latter being more likely to be impacted by price and connectivity issues. The study further recognizes the potential impact of climate awareness and education, as people with a stronger belief in individual impact on climate were less likely to find these aspects to be a barrier.
Raudsepp et al. (Sun,) studied this question.