Deciphering the architecture of complex karst conduit networks in mountainous tunneling areas and its implications for water inrush risk using aquitard-constrained multi-source data

Key Points

• Water inrush risk is influenced by the architecture of karst conduit networks, affecting safety in tunneling areas.
• Geospatial analysis indicates that aquitard constraints play a critical role in this risk assessment for water management.
• Assessment of multi-source data highlights the importance of integrating various data types to understand complex systems.
• Findings may enable better planning and safety protocols in mountainous regions prone to water inrush events.