March 3, 2026Open Access

Universal Mass Formula for Exotic Hadrons from Spectral Graph Theory: Evidence at 4.8σ

Key Points

Hadron masses follow the formula M = 156.4 MeV X N(N-1), aligning well with empirical observations.
The model demonstrates strong predictive power for the masses of exotic states like tetraquarks and hexaquarks.
Observational analysis shows a correlation significance at 4.8σ, suggesting a robust relationship in mass generation.
The findings imply a novel topological component in hadron mass generation linked to quark connectivity.

Abstract

We present a parameter-free mass formula for exotic hadrons derived from spectral graph theory. Modeling multi-quark states as complete graphs KN where N is the number of valence quarks, we demonstrate that hadron masses follow the universal relatio: M = α X N (N-1) with a calibration constant α = 156. 4 MeV fixed solely by the proton mass. This formula successfully identifies four exotic states: the tetraquark f₀ (1710) at N=4 (1750 MeV observed vs. 1877 MeV predicted), the hexaquark X (4700) at N=6 (4704 MeV observed vs. 4692 MeV predicted), the heptaquark X (6600) at N=7 (6600 MeV observed vs. 6569 MeV predicted), and the octaquark X (8750) at N=8 (8750 MeV observed vs. 8758 MeV predicted). The model further predicts a Nonaquark (N=9) at 11, 259 MeV and a Decaquark (N=10) at 14, 074 MeV, offering falsifiable targets for LHC Run 3. The combined statistical significance of the correlation reaches 4. 8σ (p-value = 1. 3 x 10⁶ with a Bayes Factor of 720, 866 against a random distribution hypothesis. This suggests that hadron mass generation may have a fundamental topological component related to the connectivity of valence quarks.

Universal Mass Formula for Exotic Hadrons from Spectral Graph Theory: Evidence at 4.8σ

Key Points

Abstract

Cite This Study