Conductive hydrogels that simultaneously exhibit high mechanical robustness, reliable electrical conductivity, and interfacial adhesion are highly desirable for flexible sensing applications; however, achieving these properties in a single system remains challenging due to intrinsic structure-property trade-offs. Herein, a multifunctional conductive hydrogel (ASP hydrogel) is developed based on a polyacrylamide (PAM)/sodium alginate (SA) double-network architecture using a gallic acid (GA)-Fe3+-pyrrole (Py) coupling strategy. In this design, GA provides metal-coordination sites for Fe3+, while Fe3+ simultaneously serves as an oxidant to trigger the in situ polymerization of pyrrole, enabling the homogeneous integration of polypyrrole (PPy) conductive networks within the hydrogel matrix. The resulting ASP hydrogel exhibits a markedly enhanced fracture strength of 2.95 MPa compared with PAM (0.26 MPa) and PAM-SA (0.22 MPa) hydrogels, together with stable electrical conductivity and reproducible strain-dependent electrical responses. Moreover, the introduction of dynamic metal-phenolic coordination and hydrogen-bonding interactions endows the hydrogel with intrinsic self-healing capability and strong adhesion to diverse substrates. Rather than relying on simple filler incorporation, this work demonstrates an integrated network design that balances mechanical strength, conductivity, and adhesion, providing a versatile material platform for flexible strain sensors and wearable electronics.
Gao et al. (Sat,) studied this question.