Real-world VOCs from ethanol gasoline vehicles: Speciation, ozone formation potential, and inter-city differences

Key Points

• VOCs emissions from ethanol gasoline vehicles differ significantly between cities, influencing air quality.
• In terms of ozone formation potential, VOCs from various locations present a range—from 0.5 to 2.0.
• Assessment using direct measurements from urban environments highlights the variability of VOC speciation.
• Ozone formation potential may vary depending on city-specific factors, emphasizing the need for tailored environmental policies.