March 3, 2026Open Access

The Arabic Control Attitudes Scale-Revised: Method Effect (Negatively Worded Items) and Measurement Invariance as Threats to Its Construct Validity Are Remedied in a 5-Item Version With Improved Performance

Key Points

Construct validity increased after removing problematic negative items, resulting in a more stable tool.
The new short form (CAS-R 5) showed superior performance across different groups, enhancing measurement invariance.
Elimination of specific items addressed the weak factor of helplessness, stabilizing the overall scale.
Implications for nursing decisions are highlighted, suggesting improved patient care through refined measurement.

Abstract

Negative items comprised a minor weak factor (helplessness) that was not stable across groups. Eliminating items 5, 6, and 8 resulted in a clean invariant short form (CAS-R 5) with superior properties that may implicate nursing decisions and interventions concerning perceived control.

The Arabic Control Attitudes Scale-Revised: Method Effect (Negatively Worded Items) and Measurement Invariance as Threats to Its Construct Validity Are Remedied in a 5-Item Version With Improved Performance

Key Points

Abstract

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