Stress integration algorithm of the small-strain Unified Hardening model for soils based on multistage Homotopy continuation method

Key Points

• Improved stress integration algorithm enhances small-strain behavior modeling in soils.
• The algorithm utilizes a multistage homotopy continuation method, facilitating better computational efficiency.
• Observational analysis applies the unified hardening model to simulate complex soil responses under stress.
• The new approach may enable more accurate predictions in geotechnical engineering, needing further validation.