Freeze–thaw cycling effects on Pb and Cd immobilization by green waste compost in contaminated soil

Key Points

• Heavy metal immobilization improved with freeze-thaw cycling, showing a notable reduction in lead and cadmium levels.
• Data indicates a reduction of over 50% in both Pb and Cd concentrations after compost application.
• Assessment using laboratory tests revealed effective remediation strategies over six cycles of freeze-thaw conditions.
• Indicates the potential for using green waste compost in soil treatment, though further field studies are needed.