Validation and factorial invariance of the breastfeeding self-efficacy scale-short form in Ecuadorian mothers

The Spanish version of the BSES-SF is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing breastfeeding self-efficacy in Ecuadorian mothers. Clinically, it supports early identification of women at risk of low breastfeeding self-efficacy, facilitating timely and targeted breastfeeding support. From a public health and policy perspective, this psychometrically robust and culturally adapted instrument can inform breastfeeding promotion programs, equity-focused maternal health interventions, and monitoring of nutrition and health-related Sustainable Development Goals.