Nimet Ylmaz,1 Mehmet Bastemir2 1Department of Gastroenterology, SANKO University Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep, Turkey; 2Department of Endocrinology, SANKO University Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep, TurkeyCorrespondence: Nimet Ylmaz, Department of Gastroenterology, SANKO University Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep, Turkey, Email drnimet23@hotmail.comBackground: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) and dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonists are highly effective agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. However, gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events remain the most common limitations to long-term therapy.Methods: A narrative review with a structured literature search was conducted using PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases from inception to March 2025. Randomized controlled trials, observational studies, meta-analyses, and pharmacovigilance reports evaluating GI adverse effects of GLP-1âbased therapies were included.Results: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation were the most frequently reported GI adverse events, generally dose-dependent and transient. Delayed gastric emptying, gastroparesis-like symptoms, intestinal obstruction, biliary disease, and pancreatic safety concerns were variably reported, with heterogeneous and sometimes conflicting evidence across studies.Conclusion: GLP-1âbased therapies are associated with predictable GI adverse effects, most of which are mild to moderate and manageable. Serious complications appear rare, but evidence remains inconsistent. Individualized risk assessment, patient education, and careful dose titration are essential for optimizing long-term tolerability.Keywords: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, obesity, type 2 diabetes, gastrointestinal adverse events
Yılmaz et al. (Fri,) studied this question.