Real-time analytical equivalent factor ECMS for multi-mode hybrid electric vehicles

Key Points

• The analytical equivalent factor optimizes energy consumption in multi-mode hybrid electric vehicles, improving efficiency.
• Real-time analysis demonstrates a notable 20% reduction in energy consumption during operation.
• Assessment of the analytical equivalent factor reveals significant impacts on vehicle performance across varied modes.
• This study highlights potential benefits for real-world applications, emphasizing a need for further testing in diverse environments.