Rapid urbanization has made the management of construction and demolition waste (C RII = 0.84), driven by inadequate infrastructure, weak regulations, and low awareness. Reuse was moderately practiced, but recycling remained limited because of the high costs and technological barriers. Spearman correlation analysis revealed strong agreement among stakeholders regarding waste management challenges. The study concludes that C&DW management in Shire City is unsustainable and poses significant environmental and public health risks. An integrated approach, including policy enforcement, investment in recycling facilities, stakeholder training, and public awareness, is recommended. This methodology offers a replicable framework for C&DW assessments in resource-limited, rapidly urbanizing cities in developing countries.
Abadi et al. (Mon,) studied this question.