Invasiveness of pico- and nanosecond E-FISH on plasma bullets in nitrogen

The electric field is the driving force behind every plasma. Electric field induced second harmonic generation (E-FISH) is a diagnostic able to obtain the electric field with high temporal and spatial resolution, is considered non-invasive and can be applied to almost any type of plasma with high sensitivity. However, the high fluence laser beam used as a probe in this technique, can interact with the gas and induce charges, which can subsequently influence the plasma. In this work, E-FISH is applied on non-thermal pulsed plasma jets in N2 flowing into atmospheric air. In these jets, ionization fronts propagate along the axis of the jet, which are highly reproducible and periodic. This allows for phase resolved measurements. A nanosecond and a picosecond pulsed laser, both operating at 1064 nm, are used as sources. For the first time, the obtained E-FISH signals measured with both lasers are compared to each other. The results deviate significantly between the two lasers, which can be explained by laser induced guiding of the streamers. This is observed by taking ICCD images of the plasma trajectory. At the position where the plasma crosses the laser beam path, the plasma branches. This reveals that E-FISH is also invasive under some conditions. The profiles obtained with the picosecond laser are in good qualitative agreement with previous coherent Raman scattering-based four-wave mixing results on the same plasma source and therefore the picosecond laser is considered non-invasive. In future E-FISH measurements, the influence of the laser beam on the E-FISH signal should be taken into account to prevent changing the plasma behavior. By decreasing the laser power or using a shorter laser pulse, successful measurements can be performed.