Simultaneous prediction of multiple air pollutants is essential for quantifying human co-exposure and evaluating the health impacts of pollutant mixtures. However, spatial and temporal gaps in geostationary satellite observations, chemical transport models, and ground-based monitoring networks hinder accurate hourly assessments of multi-pollutant dynamics. Here, we present Deep Learning for Multiple Air Pollutant analysis (DeepMAP), a deep learning framework that simultaneously predicts six major air pollutants─PM10, PM2.5, O3, NO2, CO, and SO2─at hourly resolution. DeepMAP demonstrated robust performance across multiple pollutants and generalized well to unseen regions. The framework accurately captured dynamic high-concentration co-pollution episodes during March 2021, with normalized RMSE values below 0.36 for all pollutants. DeepMAP revealed that PM10-PM2.5 co-exceedance was the most frequent across East Asia (91 days/year), followed by PM10-PM2.5-NO2 (42), PM2.5-O3 (18), and PM10-PM2.5-O3 (12). Hotspots for PM10-PM2.5-NO2-O3 co-exceedance were identified over the North China Plain, East China, and South Korea, where the regional annual totals reached 24, 19, and 15 days, respectively. A novel co-exposure index further identified three distinct hotspot regions where the contribution of NO2 was approximately twice that observed elsewhere. Our findings provide a high-resolution, data-driven framework for characterizing multi-pollutant co-exposure and identifying regional priorities for air quality management and public health protection.
Kang et al. (Fri,) studied this question.