Summary: The SENS (Environmental and Neurosensory Simulation) Center was conceived as a cutting-edge facility to train prehospital emergency teams, military personnel, and other crisis responders through high-fidelity simulations. Initial specifications outlined ambitious targets, including 360° immersive video, a temperature range from 0° to 30°C, limited precipitation control, and a basic olfactory spectrum. Through rigorous benchmarking and international collaboration, the SENS team refined and expanded these capabilities to meet training demands more effectively. Notable advancements include: • Expanded Temperature Range: Enhanced from the planned 0°–30°C to -5°–40°C, plus simulated heat radiation, allowing for scenarios in extreme cold and heat. • Precipitation and Snow: Rain simulation was upgraded from 0–10 mm/h to a substantial 0–30 mm/h, with the added capability to generate snowfall up to 5 cm/h—meeting critical training needs for mountain and cold-weather operations. • Environmental Opacity and Olfactory Simulation: Opacification from smoke and fog now reaches up to 95%, enhancing visibility training under adverse conditions. The range of odors was broadened to include sulfur, rot, blood, and turpentine, providing a sensory depth essential for realistic emergency scenarios. Some limitations arose, primarily due to technical and financial constraints: • Projection Field: Although initially targeting a 360° immersive experience, technical considerations restricted video projection to a 270° arc. • Humidity Control: The initial target of modulating hygrometry from 30% to 100% was postponed due to the complexity of integrating humidity control into the existing system within budgetary limits. Overall, the SENS facility represents a significant leap forward in environmental simulation for crisis training. Despite certain compromises, it has achieved a level of sensory integration that sets a new standard in the field, providing trainees with an unparalleled immersive experience that enhances their readiness for real-world emergencies.
Viault et al. (Sun,) studied this question.