During fires, the temperature difference between indoor and outdoor environments induces out-of-plane deformation in steel studs. Due to the differential coefficients of thermal expansion between panels and steel, the panels exert a restraining effect on the studs. However, there remains a lack of systematic experimental and theoretical models addressing the failure modes, restraining mechanisms, and synergistic effects of various panels on steel studs. This study conducted high-temperature bending tests to compare the failure modes, load–displacement curves, and key mechanical parameters (peak load, elastic stiffness) of connections combining steel studs with three types of panels: autoclaved lightweight concrete (ALC) panels, fire-resistant gypsum boards, and medium-density calcium silicate board. The research clarifies the constraining effect and temperature sensitivity of different panels. Based on experimental data, a bending constitutive model was developed to quantify the attenuation of the out-of-plane constraining effect at elevated temperatures. The results indicate that the load–displacement curves exhibit three distinct stages: Elastic Ascending Stage, Elastoplastic Ascending Stage, and Post-Peak Stage. A two-stage bending constitutive model was proposed and formulated. Comparison between numerical simulations and experimental specimens in terms of failure modes and characteristic parameters demonstrated that simplifying the panels as spring elements, with stiffness defined by the proposed bending constitutive model, yields errors within 15%, confirming the accuracy of the model. This study systematically investigates the influence of sheathing panels on the high-temperature out-of-plane mechanical behavior of cold-formed steel studs, innovatively proposes a two-stage bending constitutive model, provides theoretical and data support for cold-formed steel structural fire-resistant design, and offers new perspectives and methodologies for future research.
Li et al. (Fri,) studied this question.