What question did this study set out to answer?

The paper aims to explore emerging MIMO technologies and their applications in next-generation communication systems.

March 31, 2026

Ubiquity, applications, and potential of emerging MIMO technologies

Key Points

The paper aims to explore emerging MIMO technologies and their applications in next-generation communication systems.
Review of MIMO technology development from basic implementations to advanced applications.
Analysis of performance enhancements in massive MIMO and its evolution to ultra massive MIMO and related technologies.
Discussion on integrated sensing and communication in conjunction with MIMO systems.
Massive MIMO shows significant improvements in spectral efficiency and coverage over earlier MIMO techniques.
Novel applications like holographic MIMO and IRS-assisted MIMO indicate a trend toward advanced communication systems.
Integrated sensing and communication using MIMO technology demonstrates improved spectrum efficiency and reduced power consumption.

Abstract

Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) technologies utilize multiple antennas at the transceivers and enable enhanced diversity or multiplexing gain. The first implementations of MIMO technology appeared in cellular communication and Wi-Fi systems. One of the main problems with early MIMO systems is their limited performance in meeting the requirements of next generation communication systems. Specifically, the parameters like peak data rates, spectrum efficiency and energy efficiency constraints cannot be met with existing MIMO architectures. Hence, early MIMO techniques evolved to massive MIMO (mMIMO) type of communication as the number of antennas at both transmitters and receivers increased. Included in 5G New Radio standard, mMIMO enabled an increase the spectral efficiency and coverage compared with earlier MIMO techniques. Nowadays, there exists an ever-increasing interest in the application of advanced MIMO technologies in 6G networks. These applications include ultra massive MIMO (mMIMO), holographic MIMO and intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) assisted MIMO. These new advanced MIMO techniques either employ larger number of antennas or extremely large aperture arrays compared with mMIMO and are named as extremely large-scale MIMO. This paper presents a detailed overview of all these techniques. Joint design of wireless communication and radar sensing, named as integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) as well, has shown to improve spectrum efficiency and reduce power consumption. Recent novel research on ISAC exploits the application of MIMO technology specifically in joint communication and radar sensing (JCS) systems. In this aspect, the other objective of this work is to exploit MIMO communication and MIMO radar coexistence. After summarizing the current state of the art on MIMO radar systems, this paper exploits joint application of advanced MIMO communication and radar sensing. Finally, it aims to offer a perspective on future research directions and the potential of overall MIMO systems discussed in the paper.

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