Nanoparticles (NPs) have been widely used in various fields of science and technology. A total of 387 studies were found, which were downloaded for the purpose of bibliometric networks. In this review, we aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of NPs synthesis and characterization techniques in the agricultural sectors to combat food security and to find a strategy for medicating plant under stress conditions to lessen their effects. This review indicates that NPs synthesis is feasible and stable when parameters such as temperature, pH, salt concentrations, duration and magnetic stirrer speed (rpm), are carefully controlled. Environmental stresses, including salinity, drought, extreme temperatures, irregular precipitation, and escalating incidences of insects and diseases, severely affect crop productivity and nutritional quality. Application of NPs are effective to control various pathogens, namely fungi, nematodes, insects, and bacterial diseases. Under biotic and abiotic stresses, crop performance often declines drastically, with yield reductions reaches up to 50–70%. NPs have shown great potential to enhance crop growth under abiotic stress conditions by improving photosynthetic pigments, antioxidants activity and overall metabolic function. Specifically, NPs strengthen the biochemical, physiological, and antioxidant responses of the plants, thereby promoting stress tolerance and increasing crop productivity. In this review, we provide a detailed analysis of defensive mechanism plant employ to combat stress-related ailments. In addition, this study determines the phytotoxicity of NPs, when apply on plants alter plant morphology, physiochemical and antioxidant profiling. Further, NPs exhibit noticeable antibacterial, and antifungal properties, making them effective in controlling plant pathogens, while contributing to environmentally sustainable agriculture. The plant-NPs interactions have substantial promise for sustainable agriculture, notably in on-site disease detection and crop developments.
Younas et al. (Mon,) studied this question.