How Do Primordial Black Holes Change the Halo Mass Function and Structure?

Abstract We examine the effects of massive primordial black holes (PBHs) on cosmic structure formation, employing both a semianalytical approach and cosmological simulations. Our simulations incorporate PBHs with a monochromatic mass distribution centered around 10 6 M ⊙ , constituting a fraction of 10 −2 to 10 −4 of the dark matter (DM) in the Universe, with the remainder being collisionless particle DM. Additionally, we conduct a ΛCDM simulation for comparative analysis with runs that include PBHs. At smaller scales, halos containing PBHs exhibit similar density and velocity dispersion profiles to those without PBHs. Conversely, at larger scales, PBHs can expedite the formation of massive halos and reside at their centers owing to the “seed effect.” To analyze the relative distribution of PBH host halos compared to non-PBH halos, we apply nearest neighbor statistics. Our results suggest that PBH host halos, through gravitational influence, significantly impact the structure formation process, compared to the ΛCDM case, by attracting and engulfing nearby newly formed minihalos. Should PBHs constitute a fraction of DM significantly larger than ∼10 −3 , almost all newly formed halos will be absorbed by PBH-seeded halos. Consequently, our simulations predict a bimodal feature in the halo mass function, with most of the massive halos containing at least one PBH at their core and the rest being less massive non-PBH halos.