Summary This study examines the historical evolution of Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) with a particular focus on the UNACOOPEC-CI network in Côte d’Ivoire, through the lens of institutional development and financial inclusion. Microfinance has long emerged as a response to structural financial exclusion, where low-income populations face limited access to formal banking services, leading to inefficiencies in resource allocation and persistent inequality, as emphasized in the foundational works on financial intermediation and development (Stiglitz and Weiss, 1981) 1. The progressive transformation of MFIs reflects a major institutional shift from informal, solidarity-based financial practices toward structured, regulated, and sustainable financial systems. Initially rooted in community-based savings and credit mechanisms, microfinance has evolved through the integration of cooperative principles, state support, and international development frameworks. This transition has significantly enhanced the capacity of MFIs to mobilize savings, allocate credit efficiently, and support local economic development (Armendáriz and Morduch, 2010) 2. Within this context, the UNACOOPEC-CI network represents a paradigmatic case of institutional evolution in West Africa. Its development has been structured around successive phases, including the creation of the first rural cooperatives, the implementation of state-supported expansion strategies, the extension to urban financial markets, and the consolidation of governance mechanisms. These stages illustrate how MFIs adapt to changing economic, social, and political environments while maintaining their core mission of financial inclusion. On the one hand, the expansion of MFIs such as UNACOOPEC-CI has contributed to improving access to financial services, fostering entrepreneurship, and enhancing economic resilience among vulnerable populations. On the other hand, this evolution has also exposed MFIs to significant challenges, including governance weaknesses, credit risk management issues, financial sustainability constraints, and vulnerability to external shocks, particularly in contexts marked by socio-political instability (Ledgerwood, 2013) 3. This study emphasizes the dynamic and multidimensional nature of microfinance development. It argues that the long-term sustainability of MFIs depends on a balanced combination of institutional support, strategic expansion, and robust governance frameworks. Consequently, the paper highlights the importance of strengthening regulatory oversight, improving risk management practices, and reinforcing cooperative governance structures in order to ensure the stability, efficiency, and social impact of microfinance systems in developing economies. Keywords: Microfinance; UNACOOPEC-CI; financial inclusion; governance; institutional evolution.
Cerrou Serge Roland JUNO (Thu,) studied this question.