Ethological approaches based on the use of ethograms in quantifying oral stereotypies in intensively reared calves

This study investigates the utility of ethograms in quantifying oral stereotypies in intensively reared calves, highlighting their relevance as indicators of animal welfare. The experimental design involved monitoring the calves over two consecutive weeks in order to assess the frequency and duration of oral stereotypic behaviors in young cattle. The results revealed the predominance of oral stereotypy expressed as non-nutritive sucking, which was the most frequent and intense repetitive behavior, associated with early weaning, feeding frustration and environmental stress. Non-functional chewing and repetitive licking of housing elements suggested unfulfilled exploratory needs, while self-licking and cross-suckling occurred at a relatively lower frequency, indicating a compensatory social function. The concurrent expression of multiple oral stereotypies in the same individual points to the activation of coping mechanisms in response to chronic stress, that are considered behavioral strategies for adapting to environmental conditions perceived as stressful or uncomfortable. In this context, ethograms proved to be effective tools for the objective quantification of stereotypies and for identifying risk factors, providing scientific support for improving housing conditions and enhancing welfare in young cattle.