The formation of vortex rings

Vortex rings are usually formed by a brief discharge of fluid from an orifice. In previous investigations, the geometry of the vortex generator has varied greatly from one experiment to another, with important consequences for the ensuing flow. The present work categorizes the generating conditions for vortex rings and classifies the conditions under which a given vortex generator produces either an initially laminar ring, which may or may not undergo instability and transition to turbulence, or an initially turbulent ring. A particularly simple vortex generator was devised and measurements were carried out to provide systematic data over a range of the important dimensionless parameters. The results of this survey are used to construct a transition map that reveals a reasonably well defined boundary separating vortex rings that are turbulent upon formation from those that are not. High-speed cinephotography of the formation and evolution of turbulent vortex rings suggests a possible connection between the generating conditions and the transition to turbulence.