Dipole glass and ferroelectricity in random-site electric dipole systems

This review covers recent experimental and theoretical investigations into cooperative phenomena in crystals containing off-center ions. These phenomena have attracted much attention in recent years because of a general interest in disordered systems, in particular in spin glasses, whose electrical analog is the dipole glass. Specific features of the dipole glass state in alkali halide crystals with off-center ions are discussed and compared with spin glasses. Experimental studies performed in recent years have demonstrated that off-center ions in highly polarizable crystals can at certain concentrations induce ferroelectric domains with regions of macroscopic spontaneous polarization. The physical causes of this phenomenon are examined and some physical properties of crystals exhibiting such an impurity-induced phase transition are analyzed. Primary emphasis is placed on the range of low impurity concentrations, where system properties differ substantially from predictions of mean-field theory.