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This review examines the chemical properties of whey protein in protein powders and their impact on muscle growth in athletes. We explore the composition of whey protein, including its major fractions and amino acid profile, with a focus on the role of leucine and other branched-chain amino acids. The review discusses the different types of whey protein powders - concentrate, isolate, and hydrolysate - and their distinct characteristics. We analyze the mechanisms by which whey protein stimulates muscle protein synthesis, including its effects on cellular signaling pathways and hormonal responses. The paper evaluates current evidence on the effects of whey protein supplementation on lean body mass, muscle hypertrophy, strength, and athletic performance. Additionally, we consider optimal dosing strategies and timing of intake for maximizing the benefits of whey protein supplementation. This comprehensive review provides insights into the efficacy of whey protein as a dietary supplement for athletes and highlights areas for future research in sports nutrition.
Tang et al. (Sat,) studied this question.