: Climate change poses significant threats to ecosystems, biodiversity, and rural livelihoods, particularly in vulnerable savanna and semi-arid regions. Ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) has emerged as a sustainable approach to enhancing resilience by integrating ecological processes with livelihood strategies. Despite growing interest, there remains limited consolidated evidence on the effectiveness of EbA interventions, especially within the context of Ghana’s interior savanna ecological zone. : A systematic review approach, guided by PRISMA principles, was employed to identify and synthesize relevant studies. Literature was retrieved from major academic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Google Scholar, JSTOR, and Semantic Scholar. The search covered publications from January 2015 to March 2025. Inclusion criteria focused on studies addressing climate change impacts and EbA strategies in savanna or semi-arid ecosystems, with an emphasis on empirical or economic analysis. A total of 30 studies met the eligibility criteria and were analysed using a narrative synthesis approach, with findings organized thematically. : The review reveals that climate change significantly affects ecosystems and livelihoods through increased temperature variability, erratic rainfall patterns, land degradation, and biodiversity loss. A range of EbA strategies such as agroforestry, soil and water conservation, and ecosystem restoration were identified as critical in enhancing adaptive capacity. Evidence suggests that these interventions contribute to improved agricultural productivity, livelihood diversification, and environmental sustainability. However, the effectiveness of EbA strategies varies depending on local socio-economic conditions, institutional support, and ecological context. : The findings underscore the importance of integrating ecosystem-based approaches into climate adaptation policies and development planning. While EbA offers multiple co-benefits, challenges such as limited quantitative evidence, context-specific variability, and inadequate policy support constrain its scalability. Strengthening institutional frameworks, promoting community participation, and enhancing data-driven evaluation mechanisms are essential for optimizing EbA outcomes. Future research should focus on rigorous impact assessment and comparative analyses to improve the evidence base and inform policy decisions.
Susanna Mwinkum Tantuoyir (Wed,) studied this question.