The geological structure of the Tbilisi territory is complex and diverse, with unique morphology and geodynamic features. This complexity is primarily a result of the geographical location of its geotectonic structures. Specifically, the opposing movements of the Caucasus and Adjara-Trialeti mountain systems during the Late Alpine orogenesis, and their collision with the solid substrate of the Georgian Belt between them, occurred in the final stage of the neotectonic period against a common background of uplift. Geotectonically, the majority of the territory is situated in the zone of the eastern end of the Adjara-Trialeti folded-block structure. The northern and eastern parts transition into the Kartli molasse zone of the Georgian Belt, while the southern part extends into the Tetritskaro-Asureti and Marneuli subzones of the Artvin-Bolnisi Belt. These areas are characterized by intense subsidence, the accumulation of marine and thick Upper Neogene and Pleistocene continental sediments, and well-developed overthrusts, folds, and disjunctive dislocations. The city is currently undergoing the design and construction of various communication infrastructures in challenging engineering and geological conditions, leading to large-scale exodynamic processes such as deep and lateral erosion of rivers, mudflows, landslides, and rock avalanches. This has resulted in an extremely complicated geoecological situation, with occurrences of torrential-gravitational and suffocation-sedimentary events, groundwater-induced flooding, flash floods, and mudflows from ravines. Consequently, the normal rhythm of city life is periodically disrupted, the safe movement of transport is compromised, and many buildings are deformed and destroyed.
Gongadze et al. (Sat,) studied this question.