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In this paper, smart charging strategies incorporating a unified grid-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-grid charging framework are proposed for optimal integration of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) within the existing distribution system infrastructure. Two smart strategies with objective functions considering minimization of total daily cost and peak-to-average ratio, respectively, are developed to study the impact on PEV charging from an economic and technical perspective. The proposed strategies are implemented for PEV charging at workplace car parks located in a 37-bus distribution system and an analytical study is presented to evaluate the maximum possible PEV penetration that the existing distribution infrastructure can accommodate corresponding to the two strategies. A comparative analysis of the two strategies is performed in terms of various economic and technical benefits that are derived. Moreover, a performance comparison of the two strategies in presence of slow and fast charging of PEVs is also presented. Finally, an investigative study is conducted for both the strategies to evaluate the maximum PEV penetration that can be integrated in the upcoming years without infrastructure reinforcement. The simulation results present a comprehensive evaluation of the two proposed strategies.
Mehta et al. (Thu,) studied this question.