Astrometric requirements for strong lensing time-delay cosmography

ABSTRACT The time-delay between the arrival of photons of multiple images of time-variable sources can be used to constrain absolute distances in the Universe, and in turn obtain a direct estimate of the Hubble constant and other cosmological parameters. To convert the time-delay into distances, it is well known that the gravitational potential of the main deflector and the contribution of the matter along the line of sight need to be known to a sufficient level of precision. In this paper, we discuss a new astrometric requirement that is becoming important, as time-delay cosmography improves in precision and accuracy with larger samples, and better data and modelling techniques. We derive an analytic expression for the propagation of astrometric uncertainties on the multiple image positions into the inference of the Hubble constant and derive requirements depending on image separation and relative time-delay. We note that this requirement applies equally to the image position measurements and to the accuracy of the model in reproducing them. To illustrate the requirement, we discuss some example lensing configurations and highlight that, especially for time-delays of order 10 d or shorter, the relative astrometric requirement is of order milliarcseconds, setting a tight requirement on both measurements and models. With current optical infrared technology, astrometric uncertainties may be the dominant limitation for strong lensing cosmography in the small image-separation regime when high-precision time-delays become accessible.