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c Atrial fibrillation c Other supraventricular or ventricular arrhythmias c Myocardial ischaemia c Appearance of worsening of mitral or tricuspid regurgitation c Excessive preload reduction (diuretics + ACE inhibitors) Non-cardiac c Infection c Pulmonary embolism c Co-prescribed drugs c Alcohol abuse c Renal dysfunction (excessive use of diuretics) c Thyroid dysfunction (for example, amiodarone) c Anaemia (hidden bleeding) c Inadequate or inappropriate medical treatment c Discharge in unstable condition c Adverse effects of prescribed treatment. c Inadequate knowledge of chronic heart failure and prescribed treatment c Non-compliance with prescribed treatment c Inadequate follow up c Problems with caregivers or extended care facilities c Poor social support ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme.
Tiny Jaarsma (Fri,) studied this question.