ABSTRACT: This article examines the systematic marginalization of Armenians in modern Middle East and Ottoman history textbooks, arguing that prevailing narratives reduce Armenian history to the “three Ms”—millets, merchants, and militants— while obscuring mass violence. Through a critical reading of textbooks used widely in the field, it demonstrates how the Hamidian massacres, the Adana massacres, and the Armenian Genocide are omitted, minimized, or framed through false equivalence. The article advocates a pedagogical approach that integrates genocide studies, Armenian-language sources, and survivor narratives to foreground non-dominant groups as central to Middle Eastern history.
Bedross Der Matossian (Sat,) studied this question.