What question did this study set out to answer?

The research aims to clarify the role of glutathione in enhancing somatic embryogenesis in different genotypes of Taxodium hybrid ‘zhongshanshan’.

April 16, 2026

Glutathione promotes somatic embryogenesis by regulating ThGPX4 in Taxodium hybrid ‘zhongshanshan’

Key Points

The research aims to clarify the role of glutathione in enhancing somatic embryogenesis in different genotypes of Taxodium hybrid ‘zhongshanshan’.
Treated Taxodium callus with glutathione, BSO, and OTC to evaluate SE efficiency.
Conducted transcriptome analysis to identify differentially co-expressed genes related to antioxidant activity.
Performed functional analysis of ThGPX4 in both Taxodium and Arabidopsis thaliana to assess its role in SE.
Measured physiological parameters such as H₂O₂ content and activities of SOD and POD.
Glutathione treatment significantly boosted somatic embryogenesis efficiency.
ThGPX4 expression was notably up-regulated after GSH treatment and peaked at the dominant embryo stage.
Overexpression of ThGPX4 in Arabidopsis improved embryogenesis, indicating its importance in SE.
GSH treatment enhanced antioxidant capacity by regulating the GSH/GSSG ratio and reducing oxidative stress.

Abstract

Abstract Somatic embryogenesis (SE) in conifers is significantly genotype-dependent. In this study, multiple genotypes of Taxodium hybrid ‘zhongshanshan’ callus were treated with GSH (glutathione), BSO (Buthionine-sulfoximine, GSH synthesis inhibitor) and OTC (L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylate, increase the intracellular accumulation of GSH) to clarify that GSH significantly promoted SE efficiency and improved callus status. Determination of physiological indices revealed that GSH facilitated SE by enhancing antioxidant capacity, with the most significant differences observed at the dominant embryo stage. Transcriptome analysis indicated that the differentially co-expressed genes (DEGs) in the GSH-treated and BSO-treated groups were mainly enriched in the Glutathione metabolism, Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, Ascorbate and aldarate metabolism, and Pentose and glucuronate interconversions, and most of these DEGs were associated with antioxidant activity. Furthermore, we found that the glutathione peroxidase gene (ThGPX4) was significantly up-regulated after GSH treatment. Functional analysis showed that ThGPX4 had the highest expression at the dominant embryo stage and was located in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. Overexpression of ThGPX4 significantly enhanced SE in Arabidopsis thaliana. Using transient genetic transformation technology to overexpress ThGPX4 in Taxodium hybrid ‘zhongshanshan’ embryogenic calli, we observed that ThGPX4 could regulate the GSH/GSSG (reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione) ratio, reduce H₂O₂ (hydrogen peroxide) content, and inhibit the activities of SOD (superoxide dismutase) and POD (peroxidase). These results indicated that GSH treatment can activate the expression of genes like ThGPX4 and consequently increases the antioxidant capacity of calli and enhances SE efficiency. The present study provides a valuable basis on the solution of the genotype recalcitrance in conifer SE.

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Cite This Study

Chen et al. (Mon,) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69e07d3c2f7e8953b7cbe458 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpag046

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