What question did this study set out to answer?

This research aims to evaluate the effect of high-fold dilution of microspheres on postprocedural pain during DEB-TACE.

April 17, 2026Open Access

High-Volume Dilution of Drug-Eluting Beads Reduces Severe Pain After DEB-TACE: A Single-Center Retrospective Study

Key Points

This research aims to evaluate the effect of high-fold dilution of microspheres on postprocedural pain during DEB-TACE.
Retrospective cohort study design
Involves 362 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma
Divided into three groups based on dilution: conventional, 30–50-fold, and >50-fold
Measured pain using a visual analog scale within 72 hours after the procedure
Analyzed pain severity and short-term tumor response using logistic regression
72-hour maximum VAS pain score decreased significantly with higher dilution
Moderate-to-severe pain prevalence reduced from 77.7% to 28.8% across groups
Severe pain prevalence dropped from 48.5% to 6.8% with increased dilution
Lower odds of severe pain in Groups B and C compared to Group A
Objective tumor response rate improved from 40.8% to 58.3% with higher dilution

Abstract

Background: Abdominal pain is the most frequent consequence of postembolization syndrome (PES) after drug-eluting bead transarterial chemoembolization (DEB-TACE). The analgesic impact of an easily modifiable intraprocedural factor—microsphere suspension dilution, remains unclear. We evaluated whether high-fold dilution during DEB-TACE reduces early postprocedural pain and severe pain risk without compromising short-term response and safety. Methods: This single-center retrospective cohort study included 362 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who underwent DEB-TACE. The patients were divided into conventional dilution (Group A, n = 103), 30– 50-fold dilution (Group B, n = 127), and > 50-fold dilution (Group C, n = 132). The outcomes included a maximum visual analog scale (VAS) pain score within 72 hours and moderate-to-severe (VAS score ≥ 4) and severe (VAS score ≥ 7) pain scores. Associations were tested through Spearman correlation and trend tests. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression were used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for severe pain. Short-term tumor response was also assessed according to mRECIST at 1– 3 months after the index procedure. Results: The maximum 72-hour VAS score decreased with increasing dilution (median interquartile range: 6.0 4.0– 10.0 vs. 4.0 2.0– 5.0 vs. 0.0 0.0– 4.0; P < 0.001). The prevalence of moderate-to-severe pain decreased from 77.7% to 56.7% and 28.8%, respectively, and that of severe pain decreased from 48.5% to 10.2% and 6.8%, respectively (Groups A–C). Dilution correlated with lower pain severity ( ρ = − 0.636; P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that compared with Group A, Groups B and C had lower odds of severe pain (OR 0.12 and 0.07; both P < 0.001). Subsegmental superselective catheterization (OR 0.45; P = 0.024) and intra-arterial lidocaine (OR 0.53; P = 0.041) were protective, whereas tumor proximity to the liver capsule increased the risk (OR 1.99; P = 0.024). Short-term tumor response also differed across groups, with the objective response rate increasing from 40.8% in Group A to 56.7% in Group B and 58.3% in Group C ( P = 0.015). Conclusion: High-fold microsphere suspension dilution during DEB-TACE was associated with reduced early postprocedural abdominal pain without compromising short-term laboratory safety. Keywords: hepatocellular carcinoma, drug-eluting bead transarterial chemoembolization, DEB-TACE, postembolization syndrome, abdominal pain, visual analog scale, microsphere suspension dilution, high-fold dilution

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Cite This Study

Gao et al. (Wed,) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69e1cdc45cdc762e9d85708f https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2147/jhc.s602858

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