Improving the energy performance of existing buildings while preserving their architectural value represents a major challenge in achieving European Union climate targets and advancing circular economy (CE) principles in the construction sector. This challenge is particularly pronounced in culturally protected buildings, where conventional insulation systems may compromise authenticity and material integrity. This study investigates the potential of aerogel-based thermal insulation materials, with a focus on silica aerogel plaster, as a non-invasive solution for sustainable renovation of heritage buildings. A comparative evaluation of commercially available nanomaterial-based insulation systems was conducted based on thermal conductivity, environmental impact, required thickness, and compatibility with conservation criteria. Silica aerogel thermal plaster was identified as the most suitable solution for façade applications in protected structures. Its performance was assessed through dynamic energy simulation of the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts building in Skopje, a representative example of post-earthquake modernist heritage architecture. Two scenarios were analyzed: the existing condition and an improved model incorporating aerogel façade insulation and upgraded envelope elements. Simulation results indicate a 48.3% reduction in annual heating energy demand, a 10% reduction in cooling energy consumption, and a 15% decrease in overall electricity use. Total annual CO₂ emissions were reduced by 35%, accompanied by significant operational cost savings. The findings demonstrate that aerogel-based plaster enables substantial energy and environmental improvements while maintaining architectural authenticity and reversibility, thereby supporting both energy efficiency goals and circular economy principles in heritage renovation.
Sofronievska et al. (Thu,) studied this question.