Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have become an essential technology for monitoring and data collection in various domains such as environmental monitoring, healthcare, military surveillance, and smart cities. Routing protocols play a crucial role in WSNs because sensor nodes have limited energy, processing power, and communication capabilities. Efficient routing mechanisms are required to ensure reliable data transmission while minimizing energy consumption and prolonging network lifetime. This paper presents a systematic review of routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. The study categorizes routing protocols into different types such as data-centric, hierarchical, and location-based routing protocols. Key protocols including LEACH, PEGASIS, TEEN, and Directed Diffusion are analyzed in terms of energy efficiency, scalability, and performance. The paper also discusses challenges and future research directions for improving routing efficiency in WSNs.
Priya Yadav (Thu,) studied this question.