ABSTRACT Using ADTD three‐dimensional lightning monitoring data from Shanghai for the years 2022–2024, a comparative analysis was conducted on the evolution patterns of lightning during severe convective weather events such as short‐duration heavy rainfall, thunderstorm gales, and hail. The main conclusions are as follows: Severe convective intra‐cloud (IC) flashes are primarily distributed below 10 km, with the proportions concentrated within the 0, 10 km range for hail, thunderstorm gales, and short‐term heavy rainfall IC flashes being 83%, 81.2%, and 80.7%, respectively. At the 850 hPa level, the high‐density areas of IC lightning for thunderstorm gales and short‐duration heavy rainfall corresponded well with the high‐density areas of cloud‐to‐ground (CG) lightning. At the 700 hPa level, the high‐density areas of IC lightning for thunderstorm gales showed a good correspondence with the high‐density areas of CG lightning. The lightning density and coverage area exhibit a characteristic of decreasing layer by layer from the ground to the 500 hPa level. The extreme value ranges of lightning frequency distribution per 10 kA interval for the three types of severe convective weather were similar, all falling within the 10, 20 kA range. From 2022 to 2024, three‐dimensional lightning activity during severe convective weather in Shanghai primarily occurred from April to September, with the peak lightning frequency observed in August. Diurnal variation showed high oscillations between 13:00 and 17:00, peaking at 15:00. The monthly distributions of lightning associated with short‐duration heavy rainfall, thunderstorm gales, and hail were consistent with the overall characteristics of three‐dimensional lightning in severe convective weather. Lightning during short‐duration heavy rainfall mainly occurred in the afternoon and early evening, thunderstorm gale lightning was concentrated between 14:00 and 16:00, and hail lightning primarily occurred between 11:00 and 17:00. In terms of spatial distribution of lightning activity, the Pudong New Area and Chongming District are the main clustering areas. Short‐duration heavy rainfall lightning was predominantly located in Pudong District, while hail lightning was mainly concentrated in Chongming District.
Gu et al. (Sun,) studied this question.