This study examines the dynamics of cross-border drug trafficking (CBDT) between Vietnam and China, a critical yet understudied nexus within Southeast Asia’s illicit narcotics trade. Drawing on comparative analysis, the paper explores the historical development of trafficking routes and CBDT networks in border communities. The research is framed by three theoretical perspectives: criminogenic asymmetries Passas (Eur J Criminol Law Reform 1, 1999), opportunity crime Shaw (Int J Soc Res Methodol Comp Criminol 3, 2003), and regulatory state responses Andreas (Border Games: Policing the U.S. -Mexico Divide 2000). Findings show that trafficking networks exploit legal mismatches, economic disparities, and governance gaps to remain resilient and adaptable. Ethnic minority communities and displaced populations are disproportionately impacted, both as facilitators and victims of trafficking. Although Vietnam and China have introduced strict enforcement measures and engaged in bilateral and regional cooperation, challenges remain in legal harmonisation, intelligence sharing, and community participation. The emergence of synthetic drugs and convergence with other illicit markets further complicates enforcement efforts. Our study concludes with policy recommendations aimed at enhancing border surveillance, aligning legal frameworks, and strengthening regional cooperation through ASEAN and UNODC platforms. This research contributes to the growing field of transnational criminology in Southeast Asia, offering practical insights for policymakers, law enforcement, and development practitioners seeking to address the complex issues of CBDT.
Nguyen et al. (Sat,) studied this question.