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The types of beliefs responsible for correlations between children's perceived control and cognitive performance were investigated in 180 2rid, 4th, and 6th graders. Children were interviewed for control beliefs regarding the attainment of desired goals, for agency beliefs regarding the accessibility of different types of means to the self, and for means-ends beliefs regarding the efficacy of different types of means. Cognitive performance variables included fluid and crystallized intelligence as well as short-term and recognition memory. Of the three types of beliefs, only agency beliefs were strongly and consistently related to cognitive performance. Correlations were greater than zero beginning in 4th grade, increased monotonically from 2rid to 6th grade, and occurred for all cognitive performance measures.
Chapman et al. (Thu,) studied this question.