This lecture explores the fundamental mechanisms of metal structure and phase transformations in steels. It outlines the primary methods used to impede dislocation movement and strengthen these materials, including solid solution, precipitation, increasing dislocation density, and grain size refinement. A central theme of the lecture is the classic paradox of the strength-ductility trade-off; it highlights that reducing the microstructural scale is the most favourable mechanism to balance strength, ductility, and toughness simultaneously. To illustrate the complex factors that govern this microstructural scale in practice, the lecture presents an in-depth case study on the bainitic transformation. Through evaluating nano and sub-micron bainitic steels, the case study examines the physical parameters that dictate the final thickness of bainite plates. While traditional analytical models assess plate thickness based on static inputs—such as thermodynamic driving force, austenite yield strength, and transformation temperature—this case study demonstrates that static models alone are insufficient for predicting the final microstructural scale. Instead, the case study establishes that phase transformations must be treated as dynamic systems. It reveals that crucial parameters, such as the carbon content in the austenite, dislocation density, and hard impingement events between growing plates, continuously evolve over the course of the transformation. Ultimately, the lecture concludes that transformation kinetics exert a far stronger influence on the final scale of the microstructure than static theories anticipate, demonstrating that higher transformation rates naturally lead to finer microstructures due to an increase in hard impingement events. This research is funded by the European Union under the RFCS project Ausnanite – Grant Nº 101216402
Carlos García-Mateo (Tue,) studied this question.