Abstract- In developing countries like India, the rapid growth in transportation demand has created significant challenges in highway management, traffic congestion, and infrastructure efficiency. Toll collection systems play a crucial role in recovering infrastructure investment and maintaining road networks. However, traditional toll collection methods suffer from inefficiencies such as long waiting queues, fuel wastage, environmental pollution, and operational delays. This review paper presents a comprehensive study of various toll collection systems including conventional manual tolling, Electronic Toll Collection (ETC), RFID-based FASTag systems, GPS-based tolling, and image processing techniques. The paper reviews previous research studies related to cost–benefit analysis, system efficiency, and technological advancements in toll collection systems. Based on the analysis, it is observed that modern toll collection technologies significantly improve traffic flow, reduce travel time, and enhance economic and environmental performance. However, several challenges still exist such as high initial cost, technological complexity, lack of integration, and limited real-time data utilization. The paper identifies key research gaps and suggests future directions for developing intelligent, automated, and sustainable toll collection systems using advanced technologies such as Artificial Intelligence, IoT, and integrated transportation systems.
Kharad et al. (Thu,) studied this question.