Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease associated with the accumulation of α-synuclein, which is linked to the dysfunctional ubiquitin–proteasome system. Fractional calculus has emerged as a powerful tool for modeling complex disease dynamics due to its promising features that inherently capture memory and hereditary effects. This paper presents a fractional-order Proteasome-Fibril interaction model (F-PFIM) for the dynamics of PD, represented by three fractional differential classes, showing concentrations of fibrils (F), proteasomes (P), and proteasome fibril complex (C). The three classes of the F-PFIM collectively make a controlling system that works for the clearance of unnecessary protein from the cell to maintain cell hemostasis. When the P levels are very low, and F accumulation is high, the cell degradation machinery becomes overburdened. The prolonged instability of accumulated proteins leads to slow and progressive neurodegeneration associated with the onset of PD. Machine learning knowledge-driven nonlinear autoregressive exogenous networks backpropagated with Levenberg-Marquardt optimization (NAREN-LM) are presented to analyze the temporal evolution dynamics of F, C, and P in F-PFIM for different fractional orders varying from (0.89, 0.90, …, 1). The reference dataset is generated through the fractional Adams method (FAM) and is given to NAREN-LM in the form of training, testing, and validation sets. The performance of NAREN-LM is verified by analyzing the solution dynamics of F-PFIM in terms of mean square error-based convergence curves for training and testing, histogram plots, regression, and correlation results. Furthermore, the comparison of the NAREN-LM solution dynamics and corresponding absolute errors with those of the FAM endorses the accuracy of machine learning knowledge-driven predictive networks for F-PFIM.
Mukhtar et al. (Thu,) studied this question.